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The Heinkel He 162 Volksjäger (German for "People's Warrior") was a German single-engine fighter aircraft flown by the Luftwaffe in World War II. Developed as part of the Emergency Combat Aircraft Program, it was designed and built quickly and made mostly of wood, as metal supplies were limited and priority was given to other aircraft. Volksjäger is the official name of the government design program competition won by the Reich Air Ministry's He 162 design. Other names given to the aircraft include Salamander, code for its wing development program, and Spatz ("Sparrow"), which was given to the aircraft by the Heinkel airline.
First German Jet
The plane was distinguished by its small size; although it was about the same length as the Bf 109, its wingspan was significantly shorter at 7.2 meters (24 ft) compared to 9.9 meters for the 109. Its most distinctive feature was the upward-mounted fin, which anchored the aircraft to the ground. Hugging landing gear allows easy access to engine for maintenance. This made it difficult to save the aircraft without hitting the gin, and thus the He 162 is also notable for being the first single gin aircraft to have an ejection seat installed in service. Its small size left little room for fuel, which combined with the ineffective gin resulted in very little performance for 20 minutes, and there was only room to mount two automatic cannons, making it very small for the time. He did it without hesitation.
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A series of fatal accidents during testing required a series of repairs that put the program on hold, but the aircraft finally emerged in January 1945 as the ultimate light fighter. Although production lines were laid down and deliveries started, the German state wasted the effort at the time. Of the less than 1,000 units rolled off the assembly line, only about 120 were delivered to airfields, and most did not fly, usually due to a shortage of parts, fuel and pilots. Small numbers were used in the developed squadron in April 1945, and they saw combat on several occasions in April 1945, but the He 162s also proved too dangerous for the pilots, as their low fuel payload drove a number of aircraft out of the field. it is to collapse. additional losses caused by structural failure.
After the conflict ended in May 1945, production continued. Many aircraft were captured by Allied forces and spare parts were sent off the production line. Eric Brown flew it after the war and considered it a first-class aircraft with few drawbacks. Several He 162s are held in museum collections around the world.
In 1943, the US Eighth Air Force and the German Luftwaffe underwent a period of rapid evolution as both powers sought to gain an advantage. Having lost so many fighters to the defensive weapons of the bombers, the Germans invested in heavy weapons that allowed them to attack beyond the effective range of American weapons. The addition of heavy guns such as the 30mm MK 108 and the heavier Bordkanone 37mm and 50mm autoloaders to the Zerstörer heavy fighter and the adoption of the Werfer-Granate 21 unguided rocket in the spring of 1943 gave Germany a uniqueness and gave it a twin. - Fighters against weapons never before seen by Allied pilots. Meanwhile, specially equipped single-engine aircraft such as the Fw 190A added armor to protect the pilots from Allied bomber attacks, allowing them to get to useful range with the possibility of hitting the bombers with their heavy weapons. All this increases the weight of single and double fighters and greatly affects their performance.
As the 8th Air Force resumed its bombing campaign with the Great Sunday Offensive in early 1944, the bombers returned to the skies under the long-range escort of P-51 Mustangs. Lacking the heavy weapons needed to shoot down a bomber, the Mustang (and long-range versions of other aircraft) was able to shoot down the Luftwaffe with relative ease. The Luftwaffe changed tactics in response, forming in front of the bombers and bypassing the formation, giving the defenses little time to react. The 8th Air Force responded with its own variations; After Major Gerald Jimmy Doolittle ordered the fighters to cross German airspace far ahead of the bomber formations and circle freely over Germany to attack the Luftwaffe fighters wherever they could be found.
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This change in tactics led to a dramatic increase in the Luftwaffe's daily loss rate, which was irreplaceable, as their heavy aircraft "jumped" long before the bombers could reach them.
Within weeks, many of their aces and hundreds of other pilots had died, and the training program couldn't replace their victims quickly enough. The Luftwaffe fought little in the summer of 1944, leaving almost no air resistance to the Allied landings in France. As few planes turned up for the fight, Allied warplanes were unleashed on German airfields, railroads, and trucks. Logistics soon became a serious problem for the Luftwaffe, as it was nearly impossible to keep the planes in combat condition. Sufficient fuel was much more difficult to obtain due to the devastating campaign that targeted the German oil industry.
Dealing with this was a major challenge for the Luftwaffe. Two camps quickly emerged, both demanding the immediate introduction of large numbers of fighter jets. A group led by Fighter Inspector Geral Adolph Galland argued that high numbers had to be countered with high technology and demanded that every effort be made to increase production of the Messerschmitt Me 262 fighter aircraft version of the A-1a. , if it means temporarily cutting production of other aircraft.
The second group argues that there isn't much that can be done to solve the problem; The Me 262 had unreliable power plants and landing gear, and existing logistical problems meant there would be more on the ground waiting for parts that never arrived or unavailable fuel.
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Instead, they proposed a new design—so cheap that if an engine broke or wore out, it could simply be scrapped and replaced with a new plane off the assembly line.
Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring and Minister of Armaments Albert Speer fully supported this idea. Goring and Speer succeeded; hence, a contract was awarded for the supply of a single-engine fighter jet suitable for cheap and rapid mass production under the designation Volksjäger ("People's Warrior").
Slightly lower powered Gine is operational, with no requests for Me 262 or Ar 234.
The basic structure of competing Volksjäger aircraft designs uses inexpensive and uncomplicated parts made of wood and other non-strategic materials and, most importantly, can be assembled by semi- and unskilled workers, including forced labour.
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Maximum speed at sea level is 750 km/h (470 mph), operating time is at least half an hour, and flight range is not more than 500 m (1,640 ft).
Areas such as the fuel tanks and around the pilot will be covered with armor, but manufacturers are required to provide detailed information on the performance of the aircraft with and without armor. Armament was specified as either the MG 151/20 20 mm (0.79 in) gun with 100 rounds each or two 30 mm (1.2 in) MK 108 guns with 50 rounds each.
Some authorities, such as Arthur Achmann and Karl Saur, argue that the euplaner or studt required the pilot to control the aircraft effectively in combat, and this could happen if the Volksjäger was widely used.
After the war, Ernst Heinkel said: "The unrealistic notion that this plane would become a 'people's fighter', the Hitler Youth, after a short training session, with two-seater gliders like the DFS Stummel Habicht, which could fly defending Germany, showed an unreasonable fanaticism balance at that time.
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The truncated Habicht DFS model had a wingspan varying from 8 m (26 ft 3 in) or 6 m (19 ft 8 in) and was used to train more experienced Luftwaffe pilots for the dangerous Me 163B Comet missile fighter. A type of training was also used for Hitler Youth pilots who chose to fly the Volksjäger.
Production of the aircraft was to commence on 1 January 1945, and bidders were required to submit their basic designs within t days.
Since the winner of a competition to design a new light fighter was to build the aircraft in large numbers, nearly every German aircraft manufacturer was interested in the project, including Blohm & Voss and Focke-Wulf. similarly, the turbojet engine designed for the BMW 003 is similar to Huckebein's slightly newer Ta 183 fighter jet design. However, Heinkel was already working on a number of "paper projects".
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